tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27773440981739551632024-03-08T02:20:14.800-08:00Cantik Imut Gadis IndonesiaCantik, Seksi, dan Imut nya Gadis Indonesia. Gambar-gambar Gadis Indonesia. Video Gadis Indonesia. Tapi bukan berarti menjadi BLOG MESUM ! Tdk ada Gambar telanjang, gambar bugil, gambar memek, gambar saru dsb ...Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2777344098173955163.post-6799783239607531122007-09-06T17:47:00.000-07:002007-09-07T09:16:25.670-07:00Differences between Malay and Indonesian<h1 class="firstHeading">Differences between Malay and Indonesian</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"><div id="jump-to-nav">The differences between <b><a title="Malay language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language">Malay</a></b> (<i>Bahasa Melayu</i>) and <b><a title="Indonesian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language">Indonesian</a></b> (<i>Bahasa Indonesia</i>) are slightly greater than those between <a title="British English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English">British English</a> and <a title="American English" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English">American English</a>. They are <a title="Mutual intelligibility" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>, but with differences in spelling, pronunciation and vocabulary.</div></h3><script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><br /><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Orthography</span></h2><p>Before the <a title="20th century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century">20th century</a>, Malay was usually written in a modified form of the <a title="Arabic alphabet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> known as <a title="Jawi script" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_script">Jawi</a>. Since then, Malay written with <a title="Roman letters" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_letters">Roman letters</a>, known as Rumi, has almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in <a title="Malaya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya">Malaya</a> (now part of <a title="Malaysia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) and the <a title="Dutch East Indies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now <a title="Indonesia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) reflected their positions as <a title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom">British</a> and <a title="Netherlands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands">Dutch</a> possessions respectively.</p><p>In Indonesia, the vowel in the English word 'moon' was formerly represented in Indonesian as <i>oe</i>, as in <a title="Dutch language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language">Dutch</a>, and the official spelling of this sound was changed to <i>u</i> in 1947. However, <i>oe</i> was retained in some proper names long after this. Similarly, until 1972, the initial consonant of the English 'chin' was represented in Bahasa Malaysia as <i>ch</i>, whereas in Indonesian, it continued to follow Dutch and used <i>tj</i>. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written as <i>chuchu</i> in Malay and <i>tjoetjoe</i> in Indonesian, until a unified spelling system was introduced in <a title="1972" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972">1972</a> (known in Indonesia as <i>Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan</i> or the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malay <i>ch</i> and Indonesian <i>tj</i> became <i>c</i>: hence <i>cucu</i>. Indonesian abandoned the spelling <i>dj</i> (for the consonant at the beginning of the word 'Jakarta') to conform to the <i>j</i> already in use in Malay, while the old Indonesian <i>j</i> for the semivowel at the beginning of the English 'young', was replaced with <i>y</i> as in Malay. Likewise, the velar fricative which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became <i>kh</i> in both languages.</p><p>Nevertheless, the old spelling is still encountered in some Indonesian names, such as the name of the first President, <a title="Sukarno" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (written as <i>Soekarno</i>), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured. Other examples include <i>Achmad</i> and <i>Djojo</i> (pronounced as <i>Akhmad</i> and <i>Joyo</i> respectively).</p><p>Although the representations of speech sounds are now largely identical in the Indonesian and Malay varieties, a number of minor spelling differences remain, usually for historical reasons. For instance, the word for 'money' is written as <i>wang</i> in Malay, but <i>uang</i> in Indonesian, while the word for 'cake' is written as <i>kuih</i> in Malay, but <i>kue</i> in Indonesian.</p><p><a id="Pronunciation" name="Pronunciation"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Pronunciation</span></h2><p>Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia speaking a dialect called <i>Bahasa Baku</i>,<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since April 2007" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources">citation needed</a></i>]</span></sup> where the words are pronounced as spelt and enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than the Malay spoken in the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia: <i>tujuh</i> is pronounced (and was spelt) <i>tujoh</i>, <i>pilih</i> as <i>pileh</i>, etc., and many final <i>a'</i>s tend to be pronounced as <a title="Schwa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa">schwas</a>.</p><p><a id="Vocabulary" name="Vocabulary"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Vocabulary</span></h2><p><a id="Vocabulary_differences" name="Vocabulary_differences"></a></p><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Vocabulary differences</span></h3><p>Indonesian differs from Malay in having words of <a title="Javanese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language">Javanese</a> and Dutch origin. For example, the word for 'post office' in Malay is "pejabat pos" (in Indonesian this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesian it is "kantor pos", from the Dutch word for office, <i>kantoor</i>. There are also some <a title="Portuguese language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language">Portuguese</a> influences: in Indonesian, <a title="Christmas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas">Christmas</a> is known as "Natal", whereas Malay uses "Krismas", derived from English. There are also instances where the Malay version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from <a title="Latin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin">Latin</a>: compare Malay "universiti" with Indonesian "universitas."</p><table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th>English</th><th>Malay</th><th>Indonesian</th></tr><tr><td>account (bank,bills)</td><td>akaun</td><td>rekening <small>(from Dutch)</small></td></tr><tr><td>after</td><td>selepas</td><td>setelah<small>(also used in Malay to indicate consecutive actions)</small></td></tr><tr><td>afternoon</td><td>tengah hari</td><td>sore <small>(can also refer to the evening)</small>; petang <small>(less frequent)</small></td></tr><tr><td>agent</td><td>ejen, agen (in science term)</td><td>agen</td></tr><tr><td>airport</td><td>lapangan terbang <small><br />(lit. field/expanse + to fly)</small></td><td>bandara <small>(from bandar udara, lit. airport)</small>, lapangan terbang <small>(less frequent)</small></td></tr><tr><td>alcohol</td><td>arak</td><td>alkohol</td></tr><tr><td>apartment</td><td>pangsapuri, rumah pangsa, rumah kondo (only for 'condominium')</td><td>apartemen</td></tr><tr><td>archive</td><td>arkib</td><td>arsip</td></tr><tr><td>auction</td><td>lelong</td><td>lelang</td></tr><tr><td>August</td><td>Ogos</td><td>Agustus <small>- from Dutch <i>augustus</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>auntie</td><td>makcik</td><td>tante <small>(from Dutch)</small>, bibi</td></tr><tr><td>balcony</td><td>serambi, beranda<small>,from Bengali, Portuguese or English <i><a title="Verandah" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verandah">verandah</a></i>; (also used in Indonesia but less common)</small></td><td>balkon<small>, from Portuguese <i>balcão</i> or Dutch <i>balkon</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>basin</td><td>besen</td><td>wastafel <small>- from Dutch</small>, baskom <small>- from Dutch <i>waskom</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>because</td><td>kerana, sebab</td><td>karena, sebab</td></tr><tr><td>billion</td><td>bilion</td><td>miliar, milyar</td></tr><tr><td>bishop</td><td>biskop, bisyop</td><td>uskup</td></tr><tr><td>breast</td><td>buah dada, payudara, tetek (slang)</td><td>payudara, buah dada <small>(slang)</small>, susu <small>(slang)</small>, tete <small>(slang)</small></td></tr><tr><td>Britain</td><td>Britain</td><td>Inggris, Britania</td></tr><tr><td>bus</td><td>bas</td><td>bus or bis <small>- <i>Dutch pronunciation of "bus"</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>bus station</td><td>stesen bas</td><td>stasiun bus, terminal bus</td></tr><tr><td>bus stop</td><td>perhentian bas</td><td>halte bus/bis <small>- <i>derived from Dutch</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>campaign</td><td>kempen</td><td>kampanye - <small>(similar to the pronunciation of the Dutch word <i>campagne</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>can (to be able)</td><td>boleh <small>(used in Indonesia in the sense of <i>"to allow"</i>)</small></td><td>bisa</td></tr><tr><td>cancer</td><td>kanser, barah</td><td>kanker</td></tr><tr><td>car</td><td>kereta <small>(in Indonesian means train)</small></td><td>mobil</td></tr><tr><td>card</td><td>kad</td><td>kartu <small>(from Dutch <i>kaart</i>)</small></td></tr><tr><td>case</td><td>kes</td><td>kasus</td></tr><tr><td>cash</td><td>wang tunai</td><td>kas</td></tr><tr><td>cashier</td><td>juruwang</td><td>kasir, - <small>(from the Dutch word <i>caissière</i></small> pemegang kas</td></tr><tr><td>census</td><td>banci <small>(means "transsexual" or "effeminate" in Indonesian)</small></td><td>sensus</td></tr><tr><td>centipede</td><td>lipan <small>(also infrequently used in Indonesian)</small></td><td>kelabang</td></tr><tr><td>chilli</td><td>cili, lada, cabai <small>(used in northern states of Malaysia)</small></td><td>cabe, cabai</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>China <small>(More widely used now)</small>, Negara Cina</td><td>China <small>(More widely used now)</small>, Republik Rakyat Cina/China, Tionghoa (race) or Tiongkok - <small>rarely used/old spelling (country)<br />*note: 'Cina' is sometimes considered as pejorative*</small></td></tr><tr><td>cinema</td><td>panggung wayang gambar (<small>or more popularly when contracted,</small> pawagam)</td><td>bioskop <small>(from Dutch <i>bioscoop</i>), sinema (more popular now)</small></td></tr><tr><td>coat</td><td>kot</td><td>jas <small>- from Dutch <i>jas</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>cockroach</td><td>lipas <small>(also infrequently used in Indonesian)</small></td><td>kecoa <small>- from Chinese Hokkien Dialect <i>ka chua</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>college</td><td>kolej, maktab</td><td>kampus, kolese, perkuliahan (kuliah = lecture)</td></tr><tr><td>Commonwealth of Nations</td><td>Negara-Negara Komanwel</td><td>Negara-Negara Persemakmuran</td></tr><tr><td>counter</td><td>kaunter</td><td>loket <small>- from Dutch</small>, konter</td></tr><tr><td>court</td><td>mahkamah</td><td>pengadilan</td></tr><tr><td>curtain</td><td>langsir, tirai</td><td>hordeng, <i>gordin</i> or <i>gorden</i> <small>(from Dutch <i>gordijn</i>)</small>, tirai</td></tr><tr><td>customs <small>(department)</small></td><td>kastam</td><td>duane <small>from Dutch <i>duane</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>dandruff</td><td>kelemumur</td><td>ketombe</td></tr><tr><td>degree (temperature)</td><td>darjah</td><td>derajat</td></tr><tr><td>department</td><td>jabatan</td><td>departemen</td></tr><tr><td>discount</td><td>diskaun or potongan</td><td>korting <small>(from Dutch)</small>, diskon <small>(less frequently used)</small></td></tr><tr><td>driver</td><td>drebar, pemandu</td><td>supir <small>(from: chauffeur)</small>, sopir <small>(slang)</small>, pengemudi <small>(formal)</small></td></tr><tr><td>driving licence</td><td>lesen memandu</td><td>ribewis <small>from Dutch <i>rijbewijs</i></small> (slang), <i>surat izin mengemudi (SIM)</i> <small>now more widely used</small></td></tr><tr><td>December</td><td>Disember</td><td>Desember <small>(pronounced: Désember)</small></td></tr><tr><td>effectiveness</td><td>keberkesanan</td><td>efektivitas, kemanjuran</td></tr><tr><td>eight</td><td>lapan <small>(also the Indonesian slang word)</small></td><td>delapan <small>(also found in archaic Malaysian texts)</small></td></tr><tr><td>electricity</td><td>tenaga elektrik <small>(literally "electric energy")</small></td><td>listrik</td></tr><tr><td>emergency</td><td>kecemasan</td><td>darurat <small>(from Arabic; also used in Malaysia to mean a state of emergency)</small></td></tr><tr><td>engine</td><td>enjin</td><td>mesin <small>(from Dutch and English "machine", also used to refer to what translates into <i>machine</i> in English)</small></td></tr><tr><td>extinct</td><td>pupus</td><td>langka, punah</td></tr><tr><td>factory</td><td>kilang<br /><small>- Indonesian word for mill or factory for processing or refining natural products, i.e. <i>kilang minyak</i> ('oil refinery')</small></td><td>pabrik<br /><small>- from Dutch <i>fabriek</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>February</td><td>Februari</td><td>Februari, Pebruari (slang)</td></tr><tr><td>federal</td><td>persekutuan</td><td>federal</td></tr><tr><td>fermented rice</td><td>tapai</td><td>tape, tapai <small>(Sumatera variation)</small></td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>Finland</td><td>Finlandia</td></tr><tr><td>floor <small>(as in "the 2nd <i>floor</i>")</small></td><td>tingkat <small>(also used in Indonesian)</small></td><td>lantai</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>Perancis</td><td>Prancis or Perancis</td></tr><tr><td>free of charge</td><td>percuma <small>(in Indonesia means "worthless")</small></td><td>gratis <small>(from Dutch)</small>, cuma-cuma</td></tr><tr><td>government</td><td>kerajaan <small>(derives from <i>raja</i> or "king") - Indonesian word for "kingdom"</small></td><td>pemerintah <small>used in Singapore to refer to government. In Malaysia and Brunei understood but less frequently used</small></td></tr><tr><td>head office</td><td>ibu pejabat <small>(in Indonesia means "female officer" or "mother of an officer")</small></td><td>kantor pusat <small>(from Dutch)</small></td></tr><tr><td>headscarf</td><td>tudung</td><td>kerudung, jilbab <small>- usually a more complete set of clothing</small></td></tr><tr><td>healthy</td><td>sihat</td><td>sehat</td></tr><tr><td>herb</td><td>herba</td><td>jamu <small>(in Malay (and another definition in Indonesian), means "to treat, to entertain guests")</small></td></tr><tr><td>hospital</td><td>hospital</td><td>rumah sakit <small>(literally means "sick house") from Dutch structure "ziekenhuis" ( <small>'rumah sakit' is still used in Brunei to refer to hospital but in Malaysia, the term 'Hospital' is more prevalent since the mid-sixties</small>)</small></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>saya, aku</td><td>saya, aku, gue <small>(slang, informal)</small></td></tr><tr><td>ice</td><td>ais</td><td>es</td></tr><tr><td>ice cream</td><td>ais krim</td><td>es krim</td></tr><tr><td>illegal drugs</td><td>dadah (means <i>goodbye</i> in Indonesia)</td><td>narkoba <small>-an acronym for <i>NARkotika dan Obat-obatan berBAhaya</i> (narcotics and dangerous drugs)</small></td></tr><tr><td>immigration</td><td>imigresen</td><td>imigrasi</td></tr><tr><td>impotence</td><td>mati pucuk</td><td>impotensi, lemah syahwat</td></tr><tr><td>installment (payment)</td><td>ansuran</td><td>angsuran, cicilan</td></tr><tr><td>insurance</td><td>insurans</td><td>asuransi</td></tr><tr><td>international</td><td>antarabangsa</td><td>internasional</td></tr><tr><td>internet cafe</td><td>kafe internet, kafe <i>cyber</i></td><td>warnet <small>(short for "warung internet", warung is from Dutch "waroeng")</small></td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>Ireland</td><td>Irlandia</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>Itali</td><td>Italia</td></tr><tr><td>licence</td><td>lesen</td><td>izin, lisensi <small>- from Dutch <i>licentie</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td>Jepun</td><td>Jepang</td></tr><tr><td>Jordan</td><td>Jordan</td><td>Yordania</td></tr><tr><td>June</td><td>Jun</td><td>Juni <small>- from Dutch <i>juni</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>July</td><td>Julai</td><td>Juli <small>- from Dutch <i>juli</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>lane (roads/highway)</td><td>lorong</td><td>lajur <small>-modified version of jalur (track), (lajur is understood but not frequently used in Malaysia while jalur is used in Malaysia to mean stripe or band. e.g. broadband = jalur-lebar)</small></td></tr><tr><td>lawyer</td><td>peguam</td><td>pengacara ( <small>in Malaysia, it is used to mean master of ceremony</small></td></tr><tr><td>Lebanon</td><td>Lubnan</td><td>Lebanon</td></tr><tr><td>lemon</td><td>lemon</td><td>jeruk limun</td></tr><tr><td>lime (fruit)</td><td>limau</td><td>jeruk limau</td></tr><tr><td>male</td><td>lelaki <small>(also used in Indonesian but less frequent), laki-laki, jantan (animals)</small></td><td>pria, laki-laki, cowok <small>(colloquial)</small></td></tr><tr><td>majority</td><td>majoriti</td><td>mayoritas</td></tr><tr><td>malfunction</td><td>rosak</td><td>rusak, mati, tak berfungsi <small>(literally "not functional")</small></td></tr><tr><td>March</td><td>Mac</td><td>Maret <small>- from Dutch <i>maart</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>mattress</td><td>tilam</td><td>kasur, matras</td></tr><tr><td>mean <small>verb</small></td><td>bererti</td><td>berarti</td></tr><tr><td>medication</td><td>ubat</td><td>obat</td></tr><tr><td>Middle East</td><td>Timur Tengah, Asia Barat</td><td>Timur Tengah</td></tr><tr><td>minibus</td><td>bas mini</td><td>mikrolet, angkot <small>(angkutan kota)</small>, minibus <small>(Dutch pronunciation)</small></td></tr><tr><td>minority</td><td>minoriti</td><td>minoritas</td></tr><tr><td>minute</td><td>minit</td><td>menit</td></tr><tr><td>Mrs (married woman)</td><td>puan</td><td>ibu, nyonya <small>(from Dutch)</small></td></tr><tr><td>Monday</td><td>Isnin</td><td>Senin</td></tr><tr><td>money</td><td>wang, duit</td><td>uang, dana, duit (from Dutch "duit"<small>)(slang)</small></td></tr><tr><td>mortgage</td><td>gadai janji</td><td>hipotek (from Dutch "hypotheek")</td></tr><tr><td>Moscow</td><td>Moskow (also used in Indonesian)</td><td>Moskwa</td></tr><tr><td>motorcycle</td><td>motosikal</td><td>motor, sepeda motor <small>literally "motor bicycle"</small></td></tr><tr><td>music</td><td>muzik</td><td>musik</td></tr><tr><td>naked</td><td>bogel</td><td>telanjang, bugil <small>(slang)</small></td></tr><tr><td>national</td><td>kebangsaan <small>(used in Indonesian to mean "nationality")</small>, nasional</td><td>nasional</td></tr><tr><td>natural</td><td>semulajadi</td><td>alami</td></tr><tr><td>newspaper</td><td>surat khabar</td><td>koran, harian, surat kabar <small>(more formal)</small></td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>New Zealand</td><td>Selandia Baru</td></tr><tr><td>noisy</td><td>bising</td><td>berisik, bising <small>(also means "buzzing")</small>, ribut</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Norway</td><td>Norwegia</td></tr><tr><td>not</td><td>tidak, tak <small>(informal)</small></td><td>tidak, tak <small>(rarely used - usually for the same usage as non-)</small>, enggak <small>(slang)</small>, gak <small>(slang - chat word)</small></td></tr><tr><td>number</td><td>nombor</td><td>nomor or nomer <small>- from Dutch <i>nummer</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>nurse</td><td>jururawat</td><td>perawat</td></tr><tr><td>office</td><td>pejabat</td><td>kantor <small>- from Dutch <i>kantoor</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>orange (fruit)</td><td>oren</td><td>jeruk</td></tr><tr><td>orange (colour)</td><td>jingga oren</td><td>jingga tua</td></tr><tr><td>Palestine</td><td>Palestin</td><td>Palestina</td></tr><tr><td>party (political)</td><td>parti</td><td>partai <small>- from Dutch <i>partij</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>passport</td><td>pasport</td><td>paspor</td></tr><tr><td>penis</td><td>zakar, kemaluan lelaki</td><td>zakar, kemaluan, kontol <small>(slang, vulgar)</small>, titit <small>(slang)</small></td></tr><tr><td>percent</td><td>peratus</td><td>persen</td></tr><tr><td>pharmacy</td><td>farmasi</td><td>apotek <small>- from Dutch <i>apotheek</i></small>, farmasi <small>-usually for medicine manufacturers</small></td></tr><tr><td>photograph</td><td>gambar, foto</td><td>foto, potret <small>(from Dutch, means "portrait" in English)</small></td></tr><tr><td>pickpocket</td><td>seluk, penyeluk (saku)</td><td>copet, pencopet</td></tr><tr><td>pirate (maritime)</td><td>lanun</td><td>bajak laut</td></tr><tr><td>platform (train)</td><td>pletfom</td><td>peron (from Dutch <i>perron</i>)</td></tr><tr><td>police</td><td>polis</td><td>polisi (from Dutch <i>politie</i>)</td></tr><tr><td>post code</td><td>poskod</td><td>kode pos</td></tr><tr><td>prayer (Islam)</td><td>solat, sembahyang</td><td>shalat, sholat <small>('sh' is pronounced as 's')</small></td></tr><tr><td>prayer room (Islam)</td><td>surau</td><td>mushollah <small>('sh' is pronounced as 's')</small></td></tr><tr><td>pregnant</td><td>mengandung, hamil <small>(formal)</small></td><td>mengandung, hamil <small>(less formal)</small>, bunting <small>(informal)</small></td></tr><tr><td>press</td><td>surat khabar</td><td>pers from Dutch</td></tr><tr><td>Private Limited Company</td><td>Sendirian Berhad <small><br />abbreviated as Sdn Bhd <i>(suffix)</i></small></td><td>Perseroan Terbatas <small><br />abbreviated as PT<i>(prefix)</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>prostitute</td><td>pelacur</td><td>pelacur, WTS <small>(pronounced 'way-tay-es'; wanita tuna susila "moral-less women", Sanskrit)</small>, PSK <small>(formal, pronounced 'pay-es-ka', pekerja seks komersial (commercial sex workers))</small></td></tr><tr><td>push, to (door)</td><td>tolak <small>(used less primarily in Indonesian to mean 'subtract', it also means 'to refuse/reject', also common meaning in Malay when used in arithmetics)</small></td><td>dorong <small>(common usage in Malay is to push, to propel)</small></td></tr><tr><td>raspberry</td><td>rasberi</td><td>frambus or frambosen <small>- from Portuguese <i>frambuesa</i> or Dutch <i>framboos</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>refrigerator</td><td>peti sejuk</td><td>lemari es, kulkas <small>- from Dutch <i>koelkast</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>restaurant</td><td>kedai makan, restoran</td><td>restoran, rumah makan <small>literally <i>eating house or eatery</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>rob</td><td>rompak (also refers to piracy (Indonesian for "to commit piracy"))</td><td>rampok</td></tr><tr><td>room</td><td>bilik <small><br />- also used in Indonesia, but rarely (usually for "compartment")</small></td><td>kamar <small><br />from Dutch "kamer" (chamber)</small></td></tr><tr><td>roundabout (traffic)</td><td>bulatan <small><br />e.g. Bulatan DBP in Kuala Lumpur</small><br />pusing keliling <small>(in Brunei)</small></td><td>bundaran <small><br />i.e Bundaran HI in Jakarta</small></td></tr><tr><td>sauce</td><td>sos</td><td>saos, saus</td></tr><tr><td>school (Islamic)</td><td>pondok</td><td>pesantren</td></tr><tr><td>science</td><td>sains <small>- also used in Indonesian</small></td><td>ilmu <small>(Malay for knowledge)</small>, iptek <small>(an acronym for "<i>Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi</i>", which literally means "science and technology")</small></td></tr><tr><td>Scotland</td><td>Scotland</td><td>Skotlandia</td></tr><tr><td>secret</td><td>rahsia</td><td>rahasia</td></tr><tr><td>sewer</td><td>saluran najis, saluran kumbahan</td><td>got, selokan, parit <small>(means ditch in Malay)</small>, saluran air/pembuangan</td></tr><tr><td>shoe</td><td>kasut</td><td>sepatu ( <small>understood but less frequently used in Malaysia</small> )</td></tr><tr><td>shop</td><td>kedai <small>- (also used in Indonesia but less common)</small></td><td>toko</td></tr><tr><td>soya beans</td><td>kacang soya</td><td>kacang kedelai</td></tr><tr><td>speak/talk</td><td>bercakap <small>(means 'chat' in Indonesian)</small></td><td>berbicara <small>- (means 'discuss' in Malay)</small>, ngomong <small>(slang)</small></td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>Sepanyol</td><td>Spanyol</td></tr><tr><td>spoon</td><td>sudu</td><td>sendok</td></tr><tr><td>sport</td><td>sukan</td><td>olahraga <small>(also used less frequently in Malay)</small></td></tr><tr><td>station</td><td>stesen</td><td>stasiun <small>(formerly spelled "setasiun")</small></td></tr><tr><td>stink</td><td>busuk</td><td>bau <small>(means smell in Malay)</small>, bau busuk</td></tr><tr><td>stop <small>(verb)</small></td><td>berhenti</td><td>stop, berhenti</td></tr><tr><td>strawberry</td><td>strawberi</td><td>stroberi or arbei <small>- from Dutch <i>aardbei</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>stupid</td><td>bodoh</td><td>bodoh, dungu, tolol, goblok <small>(slang)</small>, geblek <small>(slang)</small>, bego <small>(slang)</small>, blo'on <small>(slang, Sundanese)</small></td></tr><tr><td>Sunday</td><td>Ahad <small><br />- rarely used in Indonesia</small></td><td>Minggu <small><br />- from Portuguese <i>Domingo</i> (Lord's Day)<br />(Malay for Weekends)</small></td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>Sweden</td><td>Swedia</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>Switzerland</td><td>Swiss</td></tr><tr><td>tap water</td><td>air paip</td><td>air keran, air ledeng <small>("ledeng" also means "plumbing")</small> from dutch <i>leiding</i></td></tr><tr><td>teacher</td><td>cikgu (from Encik guru), guru</td><td>guru <small>- (loanword from <a title="Sanskrit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><td>teacher (religious, Islam)</td><td>ustaz</td><td>ustad</td></tr><tr><td>telephone</td><td>telefon</td><td>telepon, telpon, telfon</td></tr><tr><td>terrorist</td><td>pengganas</td><td>teroris</td></tr><tr><td>testicles</td><td>buah zakar, testis</td><td>buah zakar, kanjut <small>(slang, vulgar)</small></td></tr><tr><td>traffic jam</td><td>kesesakan lalulintas, jam <small>(slang)</small></td><td>macet</td></tr><tr><td>turn</td><td>pusing <small>(means 'dizzy' in Indonesian), belok</small></td><td>belok</td></tr><tr><td>tapioca</td><td>ubi kayu</td><td>singkong, ubi kayu, ketela pohon, tapioka</td></tr><tr><td>taxi</td><td>teksi</td><td>taksi</td></tr><tr><td>television</td><td>televisyen, TV</td><td>televisi <small>- from Dutch <i>televisie</i>,</small> (also TV, pronounced 'tee-vee' or 'te-fe')</td></tr><tr><td>toilet</td><td>bilik air, tandas</td><td>kamar kecil, toilet, kamar mandi (bathroom), WC <small>(pronounced 'we-se')</small> for watercloset.</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>Negara Thai, Siam, Thailand</td><td>Thailand, Siam, Muangthai <small>used in old scripts</small></td></tr><tr><td>ticket</td><td>tiket <small>(also used in Indonesia)</small></td><td>karcis <small>(from Dutch <i>kaartje</i>)</small></td></tr><tr><td>tire</td><td>tayar</td><td>ban <small>(from Dutch "<i>[auto]band</i>")</small></td></tr><tr><td>train</td><td>keretapi, tren</td><td>kereta (api/listrik) <small>"steam/electrical"</small></td></tr><tr><td>transsexual</td><td>pondan</td><td>bencong, banci, waria <small>(polite)</small>, transseksual</td></tr><tr><td>tree</td><td>pokok, pohon</td><td>pohon</td></tr><tr><td>ugly</td><td>hodoh, jelek</td><td>jelek</td></tr><tr><td>uncle</td><td>pakcik</td><td>oom or om <i><small>(derived from Dutch, pronounced and sometimes spelt as "oom")</small></i>, paman</td></tr><tr><td>university</td><td>universiti</td><td>universitas</td></tr><tr><td>until</td><td>sehingga</td><td>sampai <small>(also used in Malay)</small></td></tr><tr><td>urinate</td><td>kencing <small>(informal), buang air kecil <small>(formal)</small></small></td><td>buang air kecil, kencing <small>(impolite)</small></td></tr><tr><td>USA</td><td>Amerika Syarikat</td><td>Amerika Serikat (AS)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><small></small></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>very</td><td>sangat, amat</td><td>sangat (prefix), amat (prefix), sekali (suffix), banget (suffix) <small>(slang)</small></td></tr><tr><td>vice president</td><td>naib presiden</td><td>wakil presiden <small>('wapres')</small></td></tr><tr><td>virgin</td><td>dara</td><td>perawan <small>(formal)</small>, gadis, (anak) dara</td></tr><tr><td>website</td><td>laman web</td><td>situs web</td></tr><tr><td>weekend</td><td>hujung minggu</td><td>akhir pekan, akhir minggu</td></tr><tr><td>window</td><td>tingkap <small>(also used in Indonesian but less common)</small>, jendela</td><td>jendela <small>- from Portuguese <i>janela</i></small></td></tr><tr><td>you</td><td>anda <small>(very formal)</small>, awak, kamu, kau</td><td>Anda <small>(formal - capitalised)</small>, kamu, kau, lu/loe <small>(slang)</small></td></tr><tr><td>zoo</td><td>zoo</td><td>kebun binatang <small>derived from Dutch <i>dierentuin</i> (animal garden). Beside "taman haiwan", kebun binatang was also frequently used in Malaysia before the mid-sixties</small></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a id="False_friends" name="False_friends"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">False friends</span></h2><p>Besides vocabulary differences, there are also a number of <a title="False friends" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_friends">false friends</a> in both languages. As these words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages, misunderstandings can arise.</p><table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th>Word</th><th>Malay meaning</th><th>Indonesian meaning</th></tr><tr><td>ahli</td><td>a member <small>(of a group)<br />(when the word is used by itself),</small><br />expert in a field</td><td>expert in a field</td></tr><tr><td>akta</td><td>act <small>(= law)</small></td><td>act <small>(= written legal document)</small></td></tr><tr><td>baja</td><td>fertilizer</td><td>steel<br /><small>Malaysian: besi waja</small></td></tr><tr><td>banci</td><td>census</td><td>effeminate, transvestite homosexual</td></tr><tr><td>berbual</td><td>to chat</td><td>to tell a lie</td></tr><tr><td>bercinta</td><td>love</td><td>make love, have sexual intercourse</td></tr><tr><td>biji</td><td>pill, tablet</td><td>seed, testicles <small>("balls", offensive)</small></td></tr><tr><td>bisa</td><td>poison, toxic</td><td>can/able, venom</td></tr><tr><td>bogel</td><td>naked</td><td>very short person, dwarf, midget</td></tr><tr><td>bontot/buntut</td><td>buttock</td><td>tail <small>('ekor' as commonly used in Malay)</small></td></tr><tr><td>budak</td><td>kid</td><td>slave</td></tr><tr><td>butoh/butuh</td><td>male genitals<small>, an offensive reference</small></td><td>need</td></tr><tr><td>comel</td><td>cute, pretty</td><td>(to call) someone who can not keep a secret <small>(example: mulutnya comel= her mouth can't keep a secret)</small></td></tr><tr><td>email</td><td>electronic mail <small>(recently changed to "emel")</small></td><td>enamel</td></tr><tr><td>gampang</td><td>bastard <small><br />from 'anak gampang' lit. easy child</small></td><td>easy <small>(non negative meaning)</small></td></tr><tr><td>jabatan</td><td>department</td><td>position</td></tr><tr><td>jahat</td><td>bad, naughty</td><td>evil, criminal</td></tr><tr><td>jawatan</td><td>position</td><td>department</td></tr><tr><td>jemput</td><td>invite</td><td>pick up</td></tr><tr><td>jeruk</td><td>pickles/preserved fruits or vegetables</td><td>oranges</td></tr><tr><td>jimat</td><td>pennywise</td><td>amulet <small>(the Malaysian equivalent is azimat)</small></td></tr><tr><td>kacak</td><td>handsome</td><td>ber-<i>kacak</i> pinggang <small>(stands with hands on your hips)<br /><small>The Malaysian equivalent is bercekak-pinggang, a phrase to mean that a person is being bossy</small></small></td></tr><tr><td>kakitangan</td><td>employee</td><td>member of mafia/criminal organisation</td></tr><tr><td>kapan</td><td>or kafan: Muslim burial shroud <small>(kain kafan/kapan)</small></td><td>when <small>(kapan mau pulang?= when are you returning?)</small></td></tr><tr><td>karya</td><td>work of art <small>(karyawan=artists)</small></td><td>work <small>(karyawan= workers)</small></td></tr><tr><td>kerajaan</td><td>government <small><br />(historical association, most Malay states were governed by monarchs, from Raja = King, now refers to any kind of government)</small></td><td>monarchy/royalties</td></tr><tr><td>kereta</td><td>car</td><td>train</td></tr><tr><td>khidmat</td><td>service</td><td>fully concentrate</td></tr><tr><td>pajak</td><td>to mortgage</td><td>tax</td></tr><tr><td>pelan</td><td>plan<br /><small>(associated with architectural work, site map etc only)</small></td><td>slow</td></tr><tr><td>pejabat</td><td>office</td><td>officer/officials <small><br />(those who hold office, Malay (pegawai)</small></td></tr><tr><td>pemerintah</td><td>ruler</td><td>government</td></tr><tr><td>pengajian</td><td>education</td><td>mass recitation of Quran</td></tr><tr><td>percuma</td><td>free of charge</td><td>useless, not needed</td></tr><tr><td>pijat</td><td>bugs <small><br />(software bugs i.e Year 2000 bug and also commonly referring to the bed bugs)</small></td><td>massage<br />Javanese <i>pijet</i></td></tr><tr><td>polis</td><td>police</td><td>(insurance) policy</td></tr><tr><td>polisi</td><td>policy</td><td>police</td></tr><tr><td>pusing</td><td>to go around a place, circular in motion, to spin/rotate</td><td>dizzy, confused</td></tr><tr><td>pupuk</td><td>to nurture</td><td>fertilizer <small>(also means 'to nurture' in the metaphorical sense of the word)</small></td></tr><tr><td>tambang</td><td>fare</td><td>mine, rope</td></tr><tr><td>tandas</td><td>toilet</td><td>to explain, to finish</td></tr><tr><td>sulit</td><td>confidential, difficult</td><td>difficult</td></tr></tbody></table><p><a id="Sample" name="Sample"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Sample</span></h2><dl><dt>Indonesian text sample</dt><dd><sup class="reference" id="_ref-0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences_between_Malay_and_Indonesian#_note-0">[1]</a></sup> <b>Ensiklopedia</b>, atau kadangkala dieja sebagai <b>ensiklopedi</b>, adalah sejumlah buku yang berisi penjelasan mengenai setiap cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang tersusun menurut abjad atau menurut kategori secara singkat dan padat.</dd></dl><dl><dd>Kata 'ensiklopedia' diambil dari bahasa Yunani; <i>enkyklios paideia</i> (<span lang="grc">ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία</span>) yang berarti sebuah lingkaran atau pengajaran yang lengkap. Maksudnya ensiklopedia itu sebuah pendidikan paripurna yang mencakup semua lingkaran ilmu pengetahuan. Seringkali ensiklopedia dicampurbaurkan dengan kamus dan ensiklopedia-ensiklopedia awal memang berkembang dari kamus.</dd></dl><dl><dt>Malay text sample</dt><dd><sup class="reference" id="_ref-1"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences_between_Malay_and_Indonesian#_note-1">[2]</a></sup> <b>Ensiklopedia</b>, (<i>encyclopaedia</i>) atau kadangkala dieja sebagai ensaiklopedia, merupakan koleksi maklumat atau himpunan fakta mengenai setiap cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang tersusun menurut abjad atau menurut kategori secara singkat dan padat.</dd></dl><dl><dd>Kata ensiklopedia diambil dari bahasa Yunani <i>εγκύκλιος παιδεία</i>, <i>egkyklios paideia</i> (<i>a circle of instruction</i>) yang bererti sebuah lingkaran atau pengajaran yang lengkap. Ini bermaksud ensiklopedia itu merupakan sebuah pendidikan sempurna yang merangkumi semua aspek ilmu pengetahuan. Seringkali ensiklopedia disalah ertikan sebagai kamus. Mungkin ini kerana ensiklopedia-ensiklopedia awal memang berkembang dari kamus.</dd></dl><dl><dt>Translation</dt><dd><b>Encyclopaedia</b>, or occasionally spelt as <i>ensiklopedi</i>, was several books that contained the explanation about each branch of science that was compiled according to the alphabet or according to the category briefly and densely.</dd></dl><dl><dd>The phrase 'Encyclopaedia' is taken from Greek; <i>enkyklios paideia</i> (ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία) that means a circle of instruction or a complete teaching.</dd></dl><dl><dd>This means that the encyclopaedia is a complete education that included all the science circles. Often the encyclopaedia was mixed with the dictionary and early encyclopaedias actually started from dictionaries.</dd></dl><p><a id="Trivia" name="Trivia"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Trivia</span></h2><p>During the <a title="Indonesian 1998 Revolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_1998_Revolution">May 1998 Revolution</a>, when calls for political reform or <a title="Reformasi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi">reformasi</a> in Indonesia led to the resignation of President <a title="Suharto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto">Suharto</a>, Malaysian satirists Instant Cafe lampooned a government broadcast in which 'Malaysians are reminded that <i>reformasi</i> is an Indonesian word, which has no equivalent in Bahasa Melayu.'</p><p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com60tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2777344098173955163.post-68177818039894625352007-09-06T17:41:00.000-07:002007-09-06T17:45:46.516-07:00INDONESIA<h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /></h3><p>The <b>Republic of Indonesia</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <span lang="id"><i>Republik Indonesia</i></span>), is a nation in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Indonesia" title="Islands of Indonesia">Comprising 17,508 islands</a>, it is the world's largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagic</a> state. With a population of over 234 million people, it is the world's fourth <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population">most populous</a> country and the most populous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>-majority nation, although officially it is not an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic state</a>. Indonesia is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, with an elected parliament and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president</a>. The nation's capital city is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. The country shares land borders with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</p> <p>The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the seventh century, when the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Kingdom</a> formed trade links with China. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Under Indian influence, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hindu</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> kingdoms flourished from the early centuries CE. Muslim traders brought <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Islands" title="Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku">Maluku</a> during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>. Following three and a half centuries of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonialism</a>, Indonesia secured <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_independence" title="Indonesian independence">its independence</a> after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_%28Indonesia%29" title="Reformation (Indonesia)">democratization</a> process, and periods of rapid economic change.</p> <p>Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> are the politically dominant and largest ethnic group. As a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">a national language</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">a majority Muslim population</a>, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, <i>"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Bhinneka tunggal ika</a>"</i> ("Unity in Diversity" lit. "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. However, sectarian tensions and separatism have led to violent confrontations that have undermined political and economic stability. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty is a defining feature of contemporary Indonesia.<br /><br /></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Etymology</span></h2> <p>The name <i>Indonesia</i> derives from the Latin <i>Indus</i>, meaning "India", and the Greek <i>nesos</i>, meaning "island".<sup id="_ref-EcoSeas1_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-EcoSeas1" title="">[4]</a></sup> The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.<sup id="_ref-indoety_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-indoety" title="">[5]</a></sup> In 1850, George Earl, an English <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologist" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a>, proposed the terms <i>Indunesians</i>—and, his preference, <i>Malayunesians</i>—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".<sup id="_ref-JIAEA_1_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-JIAEA_1" title="">[6]</a></sup> In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used <i>Indonesia</i> as a synonym for <i>Indian Archipelago</i>.<sup id="_ref-JIAEA_3_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-JIAEA_3" title="">[7]</a></sup> However, Dutch academics writing in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a> publications were reluctant to use <i>Indonesia</i>. Instead, they used the terms <i>Malay Archipelago</i> (<i>Maleische Archipel</i>); the <i>Netherlands East Indies</i> (<i>Nederlandsch Oost Indië</i>), popularly <i>Indië</i>; <i>the East</i> (<i>de Oost</i>); and even <i>Insulinde</i>.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-1" title="">[8]</a></sup></p> <p>From 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-2" title="">[9]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Bastian" title="Adolf Bastian">Adolf Bastian</a>, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book <i>Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayichen Archipels, 1884–1894</i>. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara" title="Ki Hajar Dewantara">Suwardi Suryaningrat</a> (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name <i>Indonesisch Pers-bureau</i> in 1913.<sup id="_ref-indoety_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-indoety" title="">[5]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="image" title="As early as the first century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as Africa. Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur, circa 800 CE."><img alt="As early as the first century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as Africa. Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur, circa 800 CE." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/180px-Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="124" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> As early as the first century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Picture: a ship carved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, circa 800 CE.</div> </div> </div> <p>Fossilized remains of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, popularly known as the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>", suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago.<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-3" title="">[10]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian people</a>, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and confined the native <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian peoples</a> to the far eastern regions as they expanded.<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-4" title="">[11]</a></sup> Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet-field rice cultivation</a> as early as the eighth century BCE,<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-5" title="">[12]</a></sup> allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade. For example, trade links with both Indian kingdoms and China were established several centuries BCE.<sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-6" title="">[13]</a></sup> Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.<sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-7" title="">[14]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Koeh-097.jpg" class="image" title="The nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia."><img alt="The nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Koeh-097.jpg/140px-Koeh-097.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="186" width="140" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Koeh-097.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> plant is native to Indonesia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a>. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.</div> </div> </div> <p>From the seventh century CE, the powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it.<sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-8" title="">[15]</a></sup> Between the eighth and 10th centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> and Hindu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a> dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and Mataram's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>. The Hindu <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a>, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; this period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.<sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-9" title="">[16]</a></sup></p> <p>Although Muslim traders first traveled through South East Asia early in the Islamic era, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia_%281200_to_1600%29" title="The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)">earliest evidence of Islamized populations</a> in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<sup id="_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-10" title="">[17]</a></sup> Other Indonesia areas gradually adopted Islam, making it the dominant religion in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.<sup id="_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-11" title="">[18]</a></sup> The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a>, sought to monopolize the sources of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloves" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeb" title="Cubeb">cubeb pepper</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>.<sup id="_ref-RICKLEFSp24_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-RICKLEFSp24" title="">[19]</a></sup> Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> as a nationalized colony.<sup id="_ref-RICKLEFSp24_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-RICKLEFSp24" title="">[19]</a></sup></p> <p>For most of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Colonial_era" title="History of Indonesia">colonial period</a>, Dutch control over these territories was tenuous; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.<sup id="_ref-DUTCH_BOUNDARIES_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-DUTCH_BOUNDARIES" title="">[20]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies_campaign" title="Netherlands East Indies campaign">Japanese invasion</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Indonesia" title="Japanese Occupation of Indonesia">subsequent occupation</a> during WWII ended Dutch rule,<sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-12" title="">[21]</a></sup> and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president.<sup id="_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-13" title="">[22]</a></sup> The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">bitter armed and diplomatic struggle</a> ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence.<sup id="_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-14" title="">[23]</a></sup></p> <p>Sukarno moved from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Indonesia" title="Military of Indonesia">the Military</a>, Islam, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a>.<sup id="_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-15" title="">[24]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">An attempted coup</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">30 September</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> was countered by the army, who led a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.<sup id="_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-16" title="">[25]</a></sup> Between 500,000 and one million people were killed.<sup id="_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-17" title="">[26]</a></sup> The head of the military, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">General Suharto</a>, out-manoeuvred the politically weakened Suharto, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_%28Indonesia%29" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order administration</a><sup id="_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-18" title="">[27]</a></sup> was supported by the US government,<sup id="_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-19" title="">[28]</a></sup> and encouraged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_investment" title="Foreign investment">foreign investment</a> in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.</p> <p>In 1997 and 1998, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Financial_Crisis" title="East Asian Financial Crisis">East Asian Financial Crisis</a>.<sup id="_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-20" title="">[29]</a></sup> This increased popular discontent with the New Order<sup id="_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-21" title="">[30]</a></sup> and led to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998">popular protests</a>. Suharto resigned on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">21 May</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>.<sup id="_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-22" title="">[31]</a></sup> In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year occupation, which was marked by international condemnation of repression and human rights abuses.<sup id="_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-23" title="">[32]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_%28Indonesia%29" title="Reformation (Indonesia)"><i>Reformasi</i></a> era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, and the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_presidential_election%2C_2004" title="Indonesian presidential election, 2004">direct presidential election in 2004</a>. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas.<sup id="_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-24" title="">[33]</a></sup> A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> was achieved in 2005.<sup id="_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-25" title="">[34]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Government_and_politics" id="Government_and_politics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Government and politics</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics of Indonesia</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>Indonesia is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>. As a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, power is concentrated in the national government. Following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998">resignation of President Suharto</a> in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">1945 Constitution of Indonesia</a><sup id="_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-26" title="">[35]</a></sup> have revamped the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial" title="Judicial">judicial</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative" title="Legislative">legislative</a> branches.<sup id="_ref-Harijanti2006_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-Harijanti2006" title="">[36]</a></sup> The president of Indonesia is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian Armed Forces">Indonesian Armed Forces</a>, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_presidential_election%2C_2004" title="Indonesian presidential election, 2004">2004 presidential election</a> was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president.<sup id="_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-27" title="">[37]</a></sup> The president serves a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.<sup id="_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-28" title="">[38]</a></sup></p> <p>The highest representative body at national level is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a> (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president.<sup id="_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-29" title="">[39]</a></sup> The MPR comprises two houses; the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> (DPR), with 550 members, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Representatives_Council" title="Regional Representatives Council">Regional Representatives Council</a> (DPD), with 168 members. The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>.<sup id="_ref-Harijanti2006_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-Harijanti2006" title="">[36]</a></sup> Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance.<sup id="_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-30" title="">[40]</a></sup> The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.<sup id="_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-31" title="">[41]</a></sup></p> <p>Most civil disputes appear before a State Court; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeals</a> are heard before the High Court. The Supreme Court is the country's highest court, and hears final <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassation" title="Cassation">cassation</a> appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency" title="Insolvency">insolvency</a>; a State Administrative Court to hear <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> cases against the government; a Constitutional Court to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court to deal with specific religious cases.<sup id="_ref-USCONGRESS_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-USCONGRESS" title="">[42]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Foreign_relations_and_military" id="Foreign_relations_and_military"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Foreign relations and military</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations of Indonesia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Indonesia" title="Military of Indonesia">Military of Indonesia</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>In contrast to Sukarno's antipathy to western powers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontasi" title="Konfrontasi">hostility to Malaysia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Indonesia's foreign relations</a> approach since the Suharto "New Order" has been one of international cooperation and accommodation, to gain external support for Indonesia's political stability and economic development.<sup id="_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-32" title="">[43]</a></sup> Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and is a founding member of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>.<sup id="_ref-USSTATE_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-USSTATE" title="">[44]</a></sup> The nation restored relations with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.<sup id="_ref-USCONGRESS_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-USCONGRESS" title="">[42]</a></sup> Indonesia has been a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> since 1950,<sup id="_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-33" title="">[45]</a></sup> and was a founder of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (NAM) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Islamic_Conference" title="Organization of the Islamic Conference">Organization of the Islamic Conference</a> (OIC).<sup id="_ref-USSTATE_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-USSTATE" title="">[44]</a></sup> Indonesia is signatory to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a> agreement, and a member of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns_Group" title="Cairns Group">Cairns Group</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO" title="WTO">WTO</a>. Indonesia has received <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a> since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.<sup id="_ref-USSTATE_2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-USSTATE" title="">[44]</a></sup></p><p>The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>.<sup id="_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-34" title="">[46]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombing" title="2002 Bali bombing">The most deadly attack</a> killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> resort town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuta" title="Kuta">Kuta</a> in 2002.<sup id="_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-35" title="">[47]</a></sup> The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, have severely damaged Indonesia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">tourism industry</a> and foreign investment prospects.<sup id="_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-36" title="">[48]</a></sup></p> <p>Indonesia's 300,000-member armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI-AU).<sup id="_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-37" title="">[49]</a></sup> The army has about 233,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.<sup id="_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-38" title="">[50]</a></sup> In the post-Suharto period since 1998, formal TNI representation in parliament has been removed; though curtailed, its political influence remains extensive.<sup id="_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-39" title="">[51]</a></sup> Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.<sup id="_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-40" title="">[52]</a></sup> Following a sporadic thirty year guerrilla war between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement (GAM)</a> and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.<sup id="_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-41" title="">[53]</a></sup> In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_West_Papua" title="Human rights in West Papua">human rights abuses</a>, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.<sup id="_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-42" title="">[54]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Administrative_divisions" id="Administrative_divisions"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Administrative divisions</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces of Indonesia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Indonesia" title="Administrative divisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions of Indonesia</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indonesia_provinces_english.png" class="image" title="Provinces of Indonesia"><img alt="Provinces of Indonesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indonesia_provinces_english.png/180px-Indonesia_provinces_english.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" height="71" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indonesia_provinces_english.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Provinces of Indonesia</div> </div> </div> <p>Administratively, Indonesia consists of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">33 provinces</a>, five of which have special status. Each province has its own political legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia" title="Regencies of Indonesia">kabupaten</a></i>) and (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Indonesia" title="Cities of Indonesia">kota</a></i>), which are further subdivided into subdistricts (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_Indonesia" title="Subdistricts of Indonesia">kecamatan</a></i>), and again into village groupings (either <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa" title="Desa">desa</a></i> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelurahan" title="Kelurahan">kelurahan</a></i>). Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life, and handles matters of a village or neighborhood through an elected <i>lurah</i> or <i>kepala desa</i> (village chief).</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_%28special_region%29" title="Yogyakarta (special region)">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Papua</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua" title="West Papua">West Papua</a> provinces have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> (Islamic law).<sup id="_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-43" title="">[55]</a></sup> Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution.<sup id="_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-44" title="">[56]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Papua</a>, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001.<sup id="_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#_note-45" title="">[57]</a></sup> Jakarta is the country's special capital region.</p> <dl><dt>Indonesian provinces and their capitals</dt></dl> <p><small>(Indonesian name in brackets where different from English)</small> <small><br />† indicates provinces with Special Status</small></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0